Carbohydrates:

• Function- quick energy for cells 

• Monomers- Mononsaccharides

  • ​Three Types:

    • ​Monosaccharides

    • Disaccharides

    • Polyssaccharides

 

• Monosaccharides:

  • ​Glucose

  • Simple plant sugars 

    • ​Produced during photosynthesis

• Disaccharides:

  • ​Sucrose

  • Table and double sugars 

    • ​Formed by joining two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

• Polysaccharides:

  • ​Function-  Storage in plants

  • Startch

    • ​Found in potatoes and grain

    • 1 startch molecule= 100 glucose molecules

• Glycogen:

  • ​Function- Storage in plants

    • ​Found in liver

• Cellulose:

  • ​Function- plant structure and support

    • ​Found in cell walls of plants

 

Lipids-

• ​Function- long term energy storage, insulation,and protection

• Monomers- Glycerol, and fatty acid molecules

  • ​Includes fats, waxes, steroids, and cholestrol

 

• ​Unsaturated Fats:

  • ​Oils from plants

  • Double bond in carbon- hydrogen chain

  • liquid at room temperature- healthy

• Saturated Fats:

  • ​Comes form animals 

  • Only signle bond in carbon- hydrogen chain

  • Solid at room temperature- unhelathy in access

• Phospholipid:

  • ​Make up the cell membrane 

    • ​Polar-Hydrophobic: fear of water

    • Polar- Hydrophilic: love water 

 

Nucleic Acids:

• Function- Stores genetic information & synthesize proteins

• Monomers- Nucleotides

  • ​Two Types: 

    • ​DNA

    • RNA

 

• DNA:

  • ​Deoxyribonucleic Acid

  • Makes up chromosome

  • DNA Nitrogeneous Bases-

    • ​Adneine 

    • Thymine

    • Guanine

    • Cytosine

  • Double helix: 2 strands with complementary base pairing

    • ​Adenine- Thymine

    • Cytosine- Guanine

  • Replicates before cell division

• RNA:

  • ​Ribonucleic Acid

  • RNA Nitrogeneous Bases-

    • ​Adenine

    • Uracil

    • Guanine

    • Cytosine

  • Single stranded

    • ​Adenine- Uracil

    • Guanine- Cytosine

  • Three Types:

    • ​Messenger RNA  (mRNA)

    • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

    • Transfer RNA (tRNA)

The DNA/ RNA transcription and translation processes are the same in all organisms, including bases A, T, U, G, C. The differences between individuals, species and organismsis that the DNA sequence of bases is different.

 

Proteins:

• Function- Structural components in cells, transport, and as enzymes

• NOT a main source of energy

• Connected with peptide bonds

• Monomers- Amino Acids

  • Types:

    • ​Hemoglobin- a hormone oxygen carrying molecule in the blood

    • Insulin- a hormonne secreted, after a meal to maintain blood sugar

 

• Cell Membrane:

  • ​Aid in cell to cell recognition and communication 

  • Aid in cell transport facilitated diffusion

• Metabolism:

  • ​Is the chemistry of life

  • All metabolism is controlled by the action of enzymes

    • without enzymes it would take 30 days to digest one meal

• Enzymes: 

  • ​Act as a catalyst for biological reactions

  • Function- Catalyst speed up chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy needed to start th reaction. 

    • ​Enzymes are recycled

  • Most enzymes are proteins

    • ​tertiary and guatelnary structues 

  • Enzymes are specific to a substrate

    • ​Substrate- Substance needed to break down

• Lock and Key Process

  • ​Enzymes are reusable and are not changed during a chemical reaction.

• Enzymes work best at optimal temperature and pH range 

  • ​but if not, they become denatured